ARMIES IN BOOK & LIST ORDER (DBM 3.1)
Games Played & Armies Used
Book & List Order (DBM 3.1 only) - at 18 June 2008 (post Berserker 2008)
The table below summarises the usage and results of each army in rated
tournaments where such details have been supplied. It is in book then list number order.
Only armies that have been used are included. There are 198 such armies.
The total number of games used (all competitions) is shown
and the average 10 point score in those games.
The number of games and average scores are shown on the right
split into usage by Higher Rated players (ie current rating above 2,100),
Average players (rated 1,900 to 2,100) and Lower Rated players (currently rated below 1,900).
The middle columns show the percentage of games "won", "drawn" and "lost" for
each army. Where the scoring system used, eg GSC15, allows this to be determined precisely that information has been used.
Under other scoring systems it is based upon the equivalent of a 10 point score from each game where a score of 6.5 to 10
is considered a win, 3.5 to 6.5 a draw and 0 to 3.5 a loss. In these cases the available data does not
permit any more accurate determination of wins, draws and losses than this.
Each army's current Top Dog player handicap is also shown. This depends upon the
army's average points per game and the number of games it has been used in.
For more details on the Top Dog handicap system devised by Dean Bedlington please
refer to the Olympian Games website. Remember that your final Top Dog is calculated as
2/3 of your player handicap plus 1/3 of your army's handicap.
THIS TABLE IS BASED ON RESULTS FROM DBM 3.1 GAMES ONLY.
Book & No of Average % of games: Top Dog Higher Rated: Average: Lower Rated:
List Name games score Won Drawn Lost handicap Games Avge Games Avge Games Avge
1 1 Early Sumerian. 3 10.00 100 0 0 2.50 3 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 2 Early Egyptian. 2 10.00 100 0 0 0.00 0 0.0 2 10.0 0 0.0
1 6 Early Bedouin. 4 5.75 50 25 25 1.44 4 5.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 8 Makkan, Dilmun, Saba, Ma'in, etc. 6 5.17 50 0 50 1.29 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 5.2
1 11 Akkadian & Third Dynasty of Ur. 14 6.64 64 7 29 3.32 14 6.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 12 Sumerian Successor States. 4 4.00 25 25 50 1.00 0 0.0 4 4.0 0 0.0
1 15 Later Amorite: Old Period. 7 4.00 14 43 43 1.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 4.0
1 18 Minoan and Early Mycenaean. 15 5.53 47 20 33 2.77 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 5.5
1 19 Mitanni. 6 1.67 0 33 67 0.42 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 1.7
1 20 Syro-Canaanite and Ugaritic. 20 7.05 60 20 20 5.29 20 7.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 22 New Kingdom Egyptian. 46 4.98 39 20 41 4.98 1 7.0 21 6.8 24 3.3
1 23 Vedic Indian. 6 6.83 67 0 33 1.71 6 6.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 24 Hittite Empire. 21 5.24 43 19 38 3.93 0 0.0 21 5.2 0 0.0
1 25 Middle and Early Neo Assyrian. 12 6.25 58 17 25 3.13 12 6.2 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 26 Later Mycenean and Trojan War. 9 3.22 33 0 67 1.61 0 0.0 3 3.3 6 3.2
1 27 Early Hebrew. 6 5.50 67 0 33 1.38 0 0.0 6 5.5 0 0.0
1 32 West Chou, Spring & Autumn Chinese. 10 6.00 60 10 30 3.00 6 7.0 4 4.5 0 0.0
1 33 Villanovan Italian. 3 9.33 100 0 0 2.33 0 0.0 3 9.3 0 0.0
1 34 Later Hebrew. 8 3.38 12 38 50 1.69 4 5.5 0 0.0 4 1.2
1 38 Libyan Egyptian. 16 4.12 38 6 56 3.09 0 0.0 4 6.0 12 3.5
1 39 Urartian. 4 8.75 75 25 0 2.19 4 8.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 40 Medes, Zikirtu, Andia or Parsua. 4 7.50 50 50 0 1.88 0 0.0 4 7.5 0 0.0
1 41 Phrygian. 6 4.50 17 50 33 1.13 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 4.5
1 43 Kimmerian, Skythian or Early Hu. 25 4.80 32 32 36 4.80 15 5.5 4 5.2 6 2.7
1 44 Neo-Babylonian. 26 3.81 35 8 58 3.81 4 8.8 2 1.0 20 3.1
1 47 Illyrian. 8 5.38 38 25 38 2.69 0 0.0 8 5.4 0 0.0
1 49 Early Vietnamese. 12 4.17 42 0 58 2.08 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 4.2
1 50 Lydian. 16 5.31 38 25 38 3.98 0 0.0 8 6.2 8 4.4
1 51 Neo-Assyrian Later Sargonid. 27 5.00 41 7 52 5.00 0 0.0 19 5.6 8 3.6
1 52 Early Hoplite Greek. 4 3.50 0 75 25 0.88 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 3.5
1 53 Saitic Egyptian. 2 7.50 50 50 0 0.00 2 7.5 0 0.0 0 0.0
1 57 Etruscan League. 4 6.50 50 25 25 1.63 1 10.0 3 5.3 0 0.0
1 60 Early Achaemenid Persian. 24 4.54 29 33 38 4.54 2 7.0 13 4.8 9 3.7
1 61 Early Carthaginian. 7 3.29 29 14 57 0.82 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 3.3
2 2 Mountain Indian. 4 7.50 75 0 25 1.88 4 7.5 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 3 Classical Indian. 25 6.36 56 16 28 6.36 17 7.5 6 5.2 2 0.5
2 4 Warring States and Ch'in Chinese. 26 4.04 35 4 62 4.04 0 0.0 17 3.8 9 4.4
2 5 Later Hoplite Greek. 39 5.03 21 56 23 5.03 0 0.0 28 5.2 11 4.5
2 8 Campanian, Apulian, Lucanian, etc. 9 3.00 0 56 44 1.50 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 3.0
2 9 Syracusan. 7 0.29 0 0 100 0.07 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 0.3
2 10 Camillan Roman. 9 4.44 11 78 11 2.22 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 4.4
2 11 Gallic. 39 5.21 44 15 41 5.21 4 7.0 29 5.0 6 5.0
2 12 Alexandrian Macedonian. 46 5.87 43 30 26 5.87 12 7.3 33 5.5 1 0.0
2 14 Ariarathid Kappadokian. 9 5.89 33 56 11 2.94 0 0.0 9 5.9 0 0.0
2 15 Alexandrian Imperial. 25 6.96 64 20 16 6.96 18 8.1 7 4.1 0 0.0
2 16 Asiatic Early Successor. 21 5.14 48 24 29 3.86 5 5.0 12 5.2 4 5.0
2 17 Lysimachid. 6 6.33 67 0 33 1.58 6 6.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 19 Seleucid. 66 4.56 38 20 42 4.56 0 0.0 26 5.6 40 3.9
2 20 Ptolemaic. 13 6.23 46 23 31 3.12 0 0.0 13 6.2 0 0.0
2 21 Ch'iang and Ti. 2 5.00 50 0 50 0.00 0 0.0 2 5.0 0 0.0
2 22 Arabo-Aramaean. 7 4.43 43 0 57 1.11 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 4.4
2 23 Later Pre Islamic Arab. 26 6.42 62 8 31 6.42 12 7.3 9 6.3 5 4.4
2 27 Pyrrhic. 16 5.75 38 38 25 4.31 8 6.5 4 6.0 4 4.0
2 28 Early Armenian and Gordyene. 19 6.63 58 21 21 4.97 6 7.0 13 6.5 0 0.0
2 30 Galatian. 26 4.81 38 15 46 4.81 6 5.2 14 5.1 6 3.8
2 31 Hellenistic Greek. 4 5.00 25 75 0 1.25 0 0.0 4 5.0 0 0.0
2 32 Later Carthaginian. 54 4.37 30 28 43 4.37 7 5.7 13 5.1 34 3.8
2 33 Polybian Roman. 4 5.75 50 25 25 1.44 4 5.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 36 Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian. 31 4.48 42 3 55 4.48 7 9.4 6 5.0 18 2.4
2 37 Parthian. 24 5.50 38 33 29 5.50 4 5.5 8 6.1 12 5.1
2 38 Hsiung-Nu or Juan-juan. 24 5.29 38 33 29 5.29 4 7.2 7 5.9 12 4.3
2 39 Ancient Spanish. 4 5.75 50 25 25 1.44 0 0.0 4 5.8 0 0.0
2 40 Numidian or Early Moorish. 6 6.83 50 33 17 1.71 4 7.8 2 5.0 0 0.0
2 42 Tamil Indian and Sinhalese. 4 4.25 50 0 50 1.06 0 0.0 4 4.2 0 0.0
2 43 Maccabean Jewish. 6 5.17 33 33 33 1.29 0 0.0 6 5.2 0 0.0
2 44 Commagene. 3 0.33 0 0 100 0.08 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.3
2 45 Sicilian & Italian Slave Revolts. 10 4.20 30 20 50 2.10 0 0.0 6 5.0 4 3.0
2 46 Kushan. 24 6.29 58 12 29 6.29 4 9.0 16 5.9 4 5.2
2 47 Early German. 5 7.00 60 20 20 1.75 5 7.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 48 Mithridatic. 17 4.82 41 18 41 3.62 7 6.9 10 3.4 0 0.0
2 49 Marian Roman. 38 4.21 32 18 50 4.21 13 7.4 10 3.1 15 2.2
2 50 Hasmonean Jewish. 3 7.67 67 33 0 1.92 0 0.0 3 7.7 0 0.0
2 51 Late Judean. 4 1.25 0 25 75 0.31 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 1.2
2 53 Ancient British. 8 4.25 25 25 50 2.13 4 6.5 4 2.0 0 0.0
2 54 Scots-Irish. 3 2.67 33 0 67 0.67 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.7
2 55 Nobades and Blemmye or Beja. 8 7.38 50 38 12 3.69 4 9.0 4 5.8 0 0.0
2 56 Early Imperial Roman. 44 3.05 25 14 61 3.05 0 0.0 12 6.0 32 1.9
2 58 Alan. 4 3.75 25 0 75 0.94 0 0.0 4 3.8 0 0.0
2 59 Jewish Revolt. 8 2.38 12 12 75 1.19 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 2.4
2 60 Caledonian. 4 6.75 75 0 25 1.69 1 9.0 2 9.0 1 0.0
2 61 Hsien-Pi, Wu-huan, Pre-Khitan, Hsi. 8 8.38 88 0 12 4.19 8 8.4 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 63 3 Kingdoms & Western T'sin Chinese. 18 6.61 44 39 17 4.96 6 8.2 12 5.8 0 0.0
2 64 Middle Imperial Roman. 23 3.83 26 22 52 2.87 2 5.0 7 4.7 14 3.2
2 65 Early Visigothic. 21 6.29 52 19 29 4.71 0 0.0 21 6.3 0 0.0
2 68 Pictish. 24 6.50 58 12 29 6.50 20 7.3 0 0.0 4 2.5
2 69 Sassanid Persian. 18 3.06 22 17 61 2.29 3 5.0 4 3.5 11 2.4
2 72 Early Franks, Alamanni, Quadi, etc. 4 5.50 50 25 25 1.38 0 0.0 4 5.5 0 0.0
2 73 Old Saxon, Frisian, Bavarian, etc. 8 7.62 75 0 25 3.81 8 7.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
2 74 Palmyran. 8 3.38 25 12 62 1.69 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 3.4
2 75 Paekche and Kaya Korean. 9 3.00 0 56 44 1.50 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 3.0
2 78 Late Imperial Roman. 77 4.01 30 23 47 4.01 3 9.0 47 4.9 27 2.0
2 79 Chinese North & South Dynasties. 4 7.25 75 0 25 1.81 0 0.0 4 7.2 0 0.0
2 80 Hunnic. 5 2.80 20 0 80 0.70 0 0.0 3 0.3 2 6.5
2 81 Sub-Roman British. 14 4.21 36 7 57 2.11 0 0.0 14 4.2 0 0.0
2 83 Patrician Roman. 77 4.34 35 13 52 4.34 17 6.9 15 5.1 45 3.1
2 84 African Vandal. 4 2.50 25 0 75 0.63 0 0.0 4 2.5 0 0.0
3 1 Early Slav. 4 5.25 50 0 50 1.31 0 0.0 4 5.2 0 0.0
3 3 Italian Ostrogothic. 6 6.83 67 17 17 1.71 0 0.0 6 6.8 0 0.0
3 4 Early Byzantine. 24 4.50 42 4 54 4.50 0 0.0 4 6.5 20 4.1
3 5 Middle Frankish. 24 5.54 50 17 33 5.54 0 0.0 12 5.6 12 5.5
3 6 Emishi. 3 3.33 0 67 33 0.83 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 3.3
3 8 Central Asian City-States. 8 7.88 75 12 12 3.94 0 0.0 8 7.9 0 0.0
3 9 Burmese. 6 5.00 33 17 50 1.25 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 5.0
3 10 Hindu Indian. 17 4.29 41 0 59 3.22 10 5.3 0 0.0 7 2.9
3 11 Central Asian Turkish. 4 4.50 50 0 50 1.13 0 0.0 4 4.5 0 0.0
3 12 Christian Nubian. 3 8.00 67 33 0 2.00 3 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 14 Early Bulgar. 4 5.00 50 0 50 1.25 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 5.0
3 16 Khazar. 18 6.39 56 17 28 4.79 4 7.5 8 7.0 6 4.8
3 19 Welsh. 28 6.11 57 14 29 6.11 6 7.7 2 4.0 20 5.8
3 20 Sui Chinese & Early T'ang Chinese. 10 4.60 40 10 50 2.30 0 0.0 10 4.6 0 0.0
3 21 Italian Lombard. 4 6.00 50 0 50 1.50 0 0.0 4 6.0 0 0.0
3 23 Khmer and Cham. 2 5.50 50 0 50 0.00 0 0.0 2 5.5 0 0.0
3 25 Arab Conquest. 32 3.53 34 3 62 3.53 2 10.0 6 3.8 24 2.9
3 27 Rshtuni Armenian. 7 5.29 14 71 14 1.32 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 5.3
3 28 Carolingian Frankish. 20 4.20 35 10 55 3.15 2 9.5 11 5.2 7 1.1
3 29 Thematic Byzantine. 12 6.25 50 25 25 3.13 0 0.0 12 6.2 0 0.0
3 30 Magyar. 4 9.75 100 0 0 2.44 4 9.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 31 Umayyad Arab. 12 3.50 33 0 67 1.75 0 0.0 4 5.2 8 2.6
3 35 Feudal Spanish. 28 4.32 43 4 54 4.32 1 1.0 9 4.9 18 4.2
3 37 Abbasid Arab. 23 7.35 70 9 22 5.51 23 7.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 38 Arab Indian. 10 4.00 40 0 60 2.00 0 0.0 10 4.0 0 0.0
3 40 Norse Viking and Leidang. 57 5.12 40 23 37 5.12 5 7.2 32 5.0 20 4.8
3 43 Khurasanian. 13 6.92 54 38 8 3.46 10 7.2 3 6.0 0 0.0
3 44 Tribal Mongolian. 6 2.83 33 0 67 0.71 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 2.8
3 45 Pre-Feudal Scots. 25 4.12 28 16 56 4.12 5 4.6 8 4.8 12 3.5
3 47 Pecheneg. 4 7.75 75 25 0 1.94 0 0.0 4 7.8 0 0.0
3 50 Bagratid Armenian. 4 7.50 50 50 0 1.88 0 0.0 4 7.5 0 0.0
3 51 West Frankish or Norman. 11 3.45 27 9 64 1.73 0 0.0 6 4.0 5 2.8
3 53 Dynastic Bedouin. 10 2.30 10 20 70 1.15 0 0.0 6 2.5 4 2.0
3 54 Early Samurai. 5 1.00 0 20 80 0.25 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 1.0
3 55 Khitan-Liao. 10 5.70 50 10 40 2.85 0 0.0 10 5.7 0 0.0
3 57 Buyid or other Dailami Dynasties. 10 4.10 20 40 40 2.05 0 0.0 10 4.1 0 0.0
3 59 Medieval Vietnamese. 3 0.33 0 0 100 0.08 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.3
3 64 Nikephorian Byzantine. 24 3.88 25 21 54 3.88 0 0.0 12 4.9 12 2.8
3 67 Early Hungarian. 10 6.80 70 10 20 3.40 10 6.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 68 West Sudanese. 4 3.75 25 25 50 0.94 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 3.8
3 69 Tuareg. 13 5.69 54 8 38 2.85 8 7.2 1 1.0 4 3.8
3 71 Anglo-Danish. 22 4.86 32 36 32 3.65 0 0.0 8 4.6 14 5.0
3 72 Communal Italian. 4 4.75 50 0 50 1.19 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 4.8
3 73 Seljuq Turk. 15 6.53 53 20 27 3.27 4 8.2 4 4.5 7 6.7
3 74 Fanatic Berber. 3 6.67 67 0 33 1.67 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 6.7
3 77 Scots Isles and Highlands. 23 5.48 48 13 39 4.11 2 6.0 17 5.5 4 5.0
3 78 Early Russian. 12 6.83 67 17 17 3.42 12 6.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 79 Cuman (Kipchak). 3 5.33 33 33 33 1.33 0 0.0 3 5.3 0 0.0
4 1 Komnenan Byzantine. 32 3.66 25 28 47 3.66 3 9.0 11 4.8 18 2.1
4 3 Anglo-Norman. 16 5.38 44 19 38 4.03 12 5.8 0 0.0 4 4.2
4 5 Sicilian. 20 6.95 65 10 25 5.21 10 8.4 10 5.5 0 0.0
4 6 Syrian. 5 5.00 40 20 40 1.25 0 0.0 5 5.0 0 0.0
4 7 Early Crusader. 10 4.70 40 0 60 2.35 0 0.0 10 4.7 0 0.0
4 8 Ghurid. 4 7.75 50 50 0 1.94 0 0.0 4 7.8 0 0.0
4 12 Polynesian or Melanesian. 6 3.00 17 17 67 0.75 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 3.0
4 13 Medieval German. 107 5.83 50 21 30 6.83 25 7.1 56 6.4 26 3.4
4 16 Scots Common Army. 6 4.83 33 33 33 1.21 0 0.0 6 4.8 0 0.0
4 17 Later Crusader. 7 2.14 14 14 71 0.54 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 2.1
4 18 Lithuanian or Samogitian. 4 5.00 50 0 50 1.25 4 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 21 Anglo-Irish. 8 5.75 38 38 25 2.88 2 8.0 6 5.0 0 0.0
4 22 Serbian Empire. 32 4.75 38 19 44 4.75 0 0.0 21 5.2 11 3.8
4 23 Feudal English. 8 3.88 38 12 50 1.94 2 4.0 0 0.0 6 3.8
4 24 Khwarizmian. 5 4.40 20 40 40 1.10 0 0.0 2 5.5 3 3.7
4 28 Prussian. 10 2.70 10 20 70 1.35 0 0.0 4 2.5 6 2.8
4 29 Tupi. 10 7.80 60 40 0 3.90 10 7.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 30 Teutonic Orders. 21 5.29 48 10 43 3.96 11 6.3 4 5.2 6 3.5
4 31 Nikaian Byzantine. 2 10.00 100 0 0 0.00 2 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 32 Romanian Frank. 8 5.12 50 0 50 2.56 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 5.1
4 35 Mongol Conquest. 6 6.67 67 0 33 1.67 6 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 36 Later Muslim Indian. 9 3.78 22 22 56 1.89 4 5.8 5 2.2 0 0.0
4 37 Indonesian or Malay. 28 5.18 43 18 39 5.18 0 0.0 20 6.0 8 3.0
4 38 Granadine. 16 2.94 25 6 69 2.20 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 2.9
4 39 Navarrese. 18 4.39 33 17 50 3.29 14 4.4 4 4.2 0 0.0
4 40 Siamese. 11 6.18 55 18 27 3.09 0 0.0 11 6.2 0 0.0
4 41 Early Swiss. 7 4.14 29 14 57 1.04 0 0.0 3 6.0 4 2.8
4 43 Later Hungarian. 23 5.43 39 26 35 4.08 4 7.8 11 6.0 8 3.5
4 46 Ilkhanid. 2 2.50 0 0 100 0.00 0 0.0 2 2.5 0 0.0
4 49 Anatolian Turkoman. 2 10.00 100 0 0 0.00 2 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 54 Medieval Scandinavian. 10 3.40 30 10 60 1.70 0 0.0 6 4.7 4 1.5
4 55 Ottoman. 44 4.89 36 23 41 4.89 4 8.8 22 5.9 18 2.8
4 56 Order of St John. 3 6.33 67 0 33 1.58 0 0.0 3 6.3 0 0.0
4 57 Low Countries. 6 4.17 33 17 50 1.04 2 7.5 0 0.0 4 2.5
4 58 Medieval Irish. 14 7.14 57 29 14 3.57 14 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 59 Post-Mongol Samurai. 5 2.80 40 0 60 0.70 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 2.8
4 61 Italian Condotta. 22 4.68 36 18 45 3.51 4 6.0 7 6.1 11 3.3
4 63 Aztec. 4 6.25 75 0 25 1.56 2 7.5 1 10.0 1 0.0
4 64 Medieval French. 30 5.43 47 17 37 5.43 12 7.0 10 5.1 8 3.5
4 65 Wallachian or Moldavian. 5 6.80 60 20 20 1.70 5 6.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 66 Later Polish. 6 7.00 67 17 17 1.75 2 8.0 4 6.5 0 0.0
4 68 Medieval Spanish or Portuguese. 49 5.12 41 22 37 5.12 4 7.0 29 6.3 16 2.5
4 70 Chanca. 6 8.17 67 33 0 2.04 6 8.2 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 71 Chimu. 8 3.38 25 12 62 1.69 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 3.4
4 72 Amazonian. 4 5.75 50 25 25 1.44 4 5.8 0 0.0 0 0.0
4 73 Ming Chinese. 10 2.60 20 10 70 1.30 0 0.0 4 6.0 6 0.3
4 74 Free Company or Armagnac. 27 5.00 41 19 41 5.00 14 7.4 1 8.0 12 2.0
4 75 Timurid. 8 3.88 38 0 62 1.94 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 3.9
4 76 Early Burgundian. 13 3.54 31 8 62 1.77 0 0.0 9 4.2 4 2.0
4 79 Later Swiss. 37 5.00 41 14 46 5.00 20 6.2 5 4.6 12 3.1
4 81 Inca. 6 3.33 0 83 17 0.83 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 3.3
4 82 French Ordonnance. 6 5.67 50 17 33 1.42 0 0.0 6 5.7 0 0.0
4 83 Wars of the Roses English. 10 6.00 50 30 20 3.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 6.0
4 84 Burgundian Ordonnance. 19 3.42 26 16 58 2.57 2 10.0 2 10.0 15 1.7